Track and field

 Track and Field Athletics (track and field) is a combination of speed and endurance, strength and skill of a comprehensive sports. be embodied by track and field.
track and field is the world's most popular sport, is one of the oldest sports. track and field and swimming, shooting Olympic gold medal in the three projects considered, 46 is also the Olympic gold medal Most of the project, jump, jumping, throwing part of the project components of the all-around sports. Calculation results of time walking and running the project, called Athletics is the track, field events and all-around full name of the game.
far away in ancient times, people living in order to obtain information in the struggle with nature and animals, had to walk or run a considerable distance, skip all obstacles, throwing stones and using a variety of hunting tools. in labor repeating these actions, they formed a walking, running, jumping and throwing skills. As society. People make a conscious to walk, run, jumping, throwing as a form of practice and competition.
776 BC, in ancient Greece the Olympic Village, the first ancient Olympic Games were held, and since then, track and field as one of .1894 in the race, in Paris, France the establishment of the modern Olympic Games in Greece .1896 organizations held the first modern Olympic Games, in the Olympic Games track and field walking, running, jumping, throwing on some projects, and is listed as the General Assembly, the main project. has been held in the Olympic Games, athletics is one of the main event.
track and field, including jump, vote results from the large class of persons to effectively awarding list of field events and running, walking, cross (including the 3,000-meter steeplechase) class to complete Rank out full time is short before the track and from the fields, tracks composed of two parts of the project groups combined event and sprint relay events, is more than speed, than the height of the Distance and the ratio of endurance than physical items, or require a very short period of time show the greatest speed and power, or require a long period of time showed the greatest endurance, best embodies the Olympic IAAF regulations must be provided Olympic athletes the required entry time standards for each individual to individual projects up to A level standard 3 athletes, such as non-athletes to reach A level standard, allowing one to reach B-class standards athletes, such as non-athletes to reach B-class standards, while allowing the male and female athletes reported an addition to field events, the 10,000 meter run, heptathlon, decathlon other than the Games. relay each of each association projects up to a team, relay athletes may apply for six, two of which can be reported to the athletes not reached.
advantage of Chinese players in the Female Middle Distance and Race project, while the men's 110 meter hurdles, Liu Xiang has the strength of medals.
the following sub-items for the Track and Field description:
short distance running (Dash)
short sprint. run basic human innate ability to form a game since ancient times, almost every country are described in the literature. According to historical records, the sprint is the ancient Greek Olympic Games in 776 BC, the only athletic events, a distance of 192.27 meters. Modern Sprint originated in Europe, first to be included in the official competition is the University of Oxford in 1850 Games was equipped with 100 yards, 330 yards, 440 yards Running .19 end of the century, to regulate the project settings, the race distance by the code system to the metric system. early performances as a professional player, then gradually expanded to amateur athletes. Players must use the starting blocks, starting to listen to signal unity, must always run within their own runway. Olympic Games men's and women are 100 meters, 200 meters and 400 meter run, which included 1896 in Men, Women 100 meters and 200 meters include 1928, 1964, included in the 400 meter race.

referred to in the middle distance races run. first project is the 880 yards run and 1 mile run, starting from the mid-19th century, 880 yards and 1 mile run the project gradually ran the 800 meters and 1500 meters running the project instead. Some scholars believe that in the first race running the project is November 1, 1847 competition held in London, UK Lee Portland (John Leyland) with 2 minutes 01 seconds of the results obtained running 800 yards champion. the original performances as professional players, gradually extended to amateur athletes. Players do not use the starting blocks, starting to listen to signal unity. the Olympic Games men and women are 800 meters and 1,500 meter run, which included 1896 Men; women's 800 meter race include 1938, 1972, included in the 1500 meter run.
long run (a long distance running or race )
short distance running. the first project for 3 miles and 6 mile run, starting from the mid-19th century, gradually being 5,000 m and 10,000 m running race instead. According to records, the first official modern running race is April 5, 1847 In the professional game, held in London, England Jackson 32 minutes 35 seconds 0 results won championship run 6 miles. Olympic Games men's and women are the 5,000 m run and 1,000 meter race. Men in 1912 included; Women 5000 meter run in 1996 to include, be included in the 10,000 m run in 1988.
hurdles
originated in the United Kingdom. shepherd over the sheep pen by the fence of the game evolved. Hurdle is the first hurdle to use landfill wooden supports on the ground or fence can be moved there in 1900 inverted T-shaped hurdle .1935 T-bar in one frame will be replaced by L-shaped hurdle, L-shaped foot hurdle toward the other end of the athletes ran into the direction of , little resistance to forward to tip over, the athletes had to reduce the fear of the time bar. the Olympic Games men's 110 meters hurdles points, 400 m hurdles (1896 included); the women's 100 meters hurdles (1932 included, when it was 80 meters hurdles in 1972 to 100 meters hurdles), 400m hurdles (1984 included). Men's 110-meter high hurdles in the field of 106 cm, 400-meter high hurdles in the field 91.4 cm; the women's 100 meters hurdles in the column height of 84 cm, 400-meter high hurdles in the field was 76.2 cm. competition, athletes must be over 10 hurdles, in addition to deliberate push by hand or kicking down hurdle In addition, other parts of the body is not foul knocked the hurdle.

athletics relay only the collective project. the team as a unit, 4 per team, each running the same distance. The origin of a variety of argument, some believed to have originated in the ancient ritual of the Olympic torch relay, and some that prevailing in Africa, Station evolved.
Olympic Games both male and female 4t100 4t400-meter relay and the relay .1908 meter Olympic Games for the first time on the establishment of 4 relay events, but four athletes ranging from .1912 on the run 5-meter Olympic Games were established in 4t100 4t400-meter relay and the relay. Women and 4t400 4t100-meter relay meter relay in 1928, respectively, were included in the 1972 Olympic Games. Relay runners must hold their stick finish requirements distance of 20 meters and the relay must pass a successor to complete the area.
Steeplechase
19 century, the rise in the UK. initially carried out in the field, branches across the barriers, ditches, the distance between obstacles of varying lengths, beginning mid-19th century on the runway. Some studies reported that the 19th century steeplechase distance is not uniform, with considerable arbitrariness, a short 440 yards, up to 3 miles long.
The 2nd Olympic Games in 1900 first set up obstacles to running 2,500 meters and 4,000 meters sub-items. from the 1904 Olympic Games 3 the distance from the barriers identified as running 3,000 meters, and still in use. Women's Steeplechase was carried out late 1997, the IAAF began to promotion. whole must cross the 35 obstacles, including 7 pools. obstacles stand high 91.1 ~ 91.7 cm, width 3.96 m, weight 100 kg .400 80 can be placed 5 meters of the runway obstacle planes, the distance between the barrier frame is 80 meters. athletes can overcome their obstacles and aircraft, but also set foot on the obstacle and then jumped out of planes, or hold hands more. IAAF started to recognize until 1954 the world record.
Marathon
Marathon was originally a Greek place names. 490 BC, the Greek army in the plain of Marathon, the Persian army repelled the invasion. estafette �Ƶ�Ƥ��˹ (Pheidippides) from the city of Marathon to Athens, the victory in the report in the news, lying on the ground died due to exhaustion of the first Olympic Games held in .1896, Coubertin adopted historian Tony Blair (Michel Breal) to the historical events and the construction of the establishment of an event, and named . to facilitate the British royal family to watch marathon, specifically to the starting point of the balcony in Windsor Palace, the end of the venue in the Olympic movement, the starting point to end point by measuring the distance of 26 miles 385 yards, converted into 42.195 kilometers. IAAF was the determined from the standard marathon distance. women's marathon launched late in 1984, was only included in the 23rd Olympic Games.
1896 after the inaugural Olympic Games, Marathon, held widely around the world, the United States held in Boston from 1897 Marathon 2000 has been held 104 sessions, as the world's oldest marathon. marathon held on the road, can be used, the end of the round-trip route at the same location or within, the end is not in the same place one-way routes. competition, to be placed along the marked card km distance has been run, and every 5 km to set up a beverage station offers drinks, two drinks stations set up a water station to provide drinking water or water. subject to the body before health checks, those who pass before they enroll in the competition. because of the race route, conditions quite different, so the IAAF no world record, only announced the world's best performance.
Race
century originated in the United Kingdom .19 British race walking events occurred .19 century, some European countries the prevalence from one city to another city walking tours .1866 British Amateur Sports Club held its first championship, a distance of 7 miles. Race points Race and road walking two venues species. venue Race set world record; Road Race due to uncontrollable factors such as road and downs are more poor results comparable, the only set world best. athletes moving, the feet must be maintained uninterrupted contact with the ground are not allowed to vacate the same time , the ground support leg knee extension moment should not be bent. competition, the athletes appear vacant or knee bent, were given a serious warning, serious warning by the 3 times that disqualified .1908 for the first time into the Olympic Games, At that time the distance is 3500 meters and 10 miles. After the Olympics from the different sessions, there have been 3,000 meters, 10 kilometers and so on, starting from the 1956 Olympic Games as a 20 km (1956 included), 50 km (out of 1932 in). Female Race in 1992 was only included in the Olympics, a distance of 10 km, the 2000 Olympic Games will be changed to 20 km.
jump
originated in ancient human life and labor activity across the vertical barrier. jump started the modern century Scotland in Europe has been high jump competition .18, popular in 19th century Europe and the United States 60, began on September 26 .1827 in the UK Yves Saint Laurent. Boadle Club's first professional track and field competition, the Wilson (Adam Wilson ) knees tuck jump 1.575 m, which was the first record for the high jump results. jump with leaps and bounds, scissors, straddle, back style to cross rod technology, vast majority of athletes are using back style. high jump bar is available glass fiber, metal or other suitable material, length 3.98 ~ 4.02 m, the maximum weight of 2 kg. competition, athletes must be one foot off, you can dance with the provisions of any height on the jump, but the first a height of only 3 jump opportunities. male and female high jump, respectively, in 1896, is listed as 1928 Olympic Games.

pole vault originated in ancient times human use wooden sticks, spears and other obstacles to hold more activities. According to records, 554 AD, there is support across the river in the Irish game. plateaus as gymnastics vault, popular in Germany, the German charity schools .1789 1.83 meters skip, which is the world's well documented The earliest results. As the first track and field sports in the UK, 17 April 1843 British pro Roper Penrith over 2.44 meters in the late start .19 popular European countries. The earliest use of wooden pole, the highest score of 3.30 m; lighter started in 1905, a certain flexibility in the bamboo pole, the highest score reached 4.77 m; 1930 appears relatively strong metal pole, athletes without fear for breaking the pole, pole points can improve the grip and speed up approach speed, the most good results to 4.80 m; design and manufacture of the United States in 1948, lighter, more flexible fiberglass pole, currently in use has exceeded the benchmark of 6 meters. pole vault the bar can be glass fiber, metal or other suitable material, length 4.48 ~ 4.52 m, the maximum weight of 2.25 kg. Pole length and diameter of the Open, but the surface must be smooth. athletes usually bring their own pole contest. competition, athletes must be inserted in the pole plug hopper off; take-off from the ground after the pole hand grip may move up; can dance with the provisions of any height on the jump, but only 3 times for each jump height of the opportunity. male and female pole vault, respectively, in 1896 and the 2000 Olympic Games is listed as.
jump
avoid wild animals from human hunting, or when crossing rivers and other activities, became a means of military training. To 708 BC, the pentathlon on one of the ancient Olympic Games . modern long jump begins at the United Kingdom, September 26, 1827 Yves Saint Laurent in the UK. Boadle club professional track and field at the first game, Wilson degrees over 5.41 meters far, this was the first record for the long jump. Squat Jump and Long Jump from the action with style, to come forward-and walking-style .20 s before the onset of the 70 flip jump, because of dangerous, is the IAAF banned. the first player is off the ground, launching pad was introduced in 1886. springboard from white, buried in the ground, flush with the ground, 1.22 meters long, 20 cm wide, less than 1 meter away from the bunker on the proximal. springboard from starting before the jumper from the jumper off before it is used to determine whether the foul Players modeling clay or sand table display panel. Athletes must take off from the jumper. competition, such as less than 8 players, each person can jump 6 times, more than 8 people, the first jump 3 times, the best 8 results Players try jump 3 times. 6 jump athlete's best performance ranking. male and female long jump in 1896 and 1948, respectively, was listed as the Olympic Games.
originated in the 18th Triple
mid-century Scotland and Ireland, two jumps are different. Scottish single hop, step jump, jump, and Ireland, using a single hop, single hop, jump. is now requiring the use of Scottish dance method. earliest race can be traced back to March 17, 1826 for the first time in Scotland at the Games, Beattie (Andre Beattie) has created the first record of 12.95 meters. competition, athletes should be a continuous run-up 3 times after the different forms of jumps, The first jump is a single hop, with the take-off leg landing; the second jump as a step jump, landing with a swinging leg; the third jump to jump, to fall into the pit with both feet. Men's triple jump in 1896 is listed as the first Olympic Games, women's triple jump early in the 20th century, gradually extensively 80, 1992 is listed as the Olympic Games.
Shot
stones originated in ancient humans hunted animals or defensive attack activities. Modern Shot Put 40 years began in 14th century Europe to push throwing artillery shells during leisure games and competitions, sports items gradually formed. shot went through the production of iron, lead, and the process of lead outside the iron. man race Shot weight of 7.26 kg, 11 to 13 cm in diameter; women's shot put the weight of 4 kg, a diameter of 9.5 to 11 cm. Early Shot no fixed, it can be pushed in situ, can also push the run-up; can push with one hand can also be pushed with both hands; also appeared divided according to the weight levels of competition. the first use of shot put technique, gradually developed to a lateral push, push on the .20 side-step the 50s century, the United States invented the athlete O'Brien Back Sliding Shot technology, which is called only a few athletes. competition, athletes should be 2.135 m in diameter of the circle, the ball with one hand launched from the shoulder, shot landing area must fall within the valid point line. male and female were shot in 1896 and is listed as 1948 Olympic Games.
Discus
originated in the 8th century BC 12 stone throwing activities of the three Greeks. 708 BC, three generations of the 18th Olympic Games in the pentathlon as the project one. discus first stone for the disc, after the gradual introduction of copper, iron and other metal production. the history of the modern Olympic Games, there had been discus events at the hands (left + right). discus technique experienced cast in situ, side apply to vote, vote in lateral rotation, backward rotation of several development investment. Discus can be wood or other suitable material, Men Discus 2 kg, diameter 22 cm; Women Discus weight kg, 18.1 cm in diameter. competition, athletes should be 2.50 meters in diameter of the circle of the pie throw, discus and must fall within the 40-degree angle to the line valid. male and female discus in 1896 and 1928, respectively, was listed as the Olympic Games.
hammer < br> originated in medieval Scotland, with more than miners in the labor of the production tools with wooden handle hammer throw for the game, gradually popular in the UK. hammer of the English word which means hammer .19 century, became the University of Oxford and The games, the University of Cambridge. when the device is to use the wooden handle of the iron ball, after the ease of throwing, the wooden handle instead of steel chain, hammer from this. first using the local vote in hammer throw, then gradually improved to lateral investment, rotating around to vote, vote twice, three times to vote, are more than athletes with four laps to vote. Men's Hammer Throw 7.26 kg weight, total length of 117.5 ~ 121.5 cm, women's hammer weighs 4 kg, total length of 116.0 ~ 119.5 cm. Competition , the athletes must be in the circle of 2.135 m diameter ball with both hands, throw, hammer must fall within the 40-degree angle to the line valid. outsiders have U-shaped cage, to ensure safe throwing. Men's hammer throw in 1900 was as the Olympic Games, women's hammer will be included in the year 2000.
javelin
originated in ancient human activity using spears to hunt wild animals, after the spear has become the weapons of war. 708 BC, was listed for the 18th one of the ancient Olympic Games pentathlon. modern movement began in the 19th century Javelin Sweden, Greece, Hungary and Finland and other European countries, in Sweden, Fallon .1792 start on javelin. original wooden javelin athletes before and after as thick, the early 20th century, 50, U.S. javelin thrower Herder (Franklin Held) developed both ends of the small, middle thick wooden javelin, javelin extended time in the air, which is called ; .60 of metal made in Sweden's javelin, the javelin more gliding performance, greatly improved athletic performance athletes Horn In 1984 East Germany (Uwe Hohn) to 104.80 meters world record results. IAAF to ensure the safety of the audience stands, men's javelin throw in 1986, the focus will move forward to spearhead the direction of 4 cm, to reduce flight performance, in turn women's javelin in 1999 to spearhead the direction of the center of gravity forward 3 cm. javelin can be metal or other suitable similar material production. Men's Javelin Throw 800 grams of weight, length 260 ~ 270 cm; Women's Javelin Throw 600 grams weight, length 220 ~ 230 cm. competition, athletes must be single-hand side from his shoulder, throw the javelin, throwing area gunpoint point line must fall within the valid. male and female javelin in 1908 and 1932, respectively, was listed as the Olympic Games.
Almighty
originated in Greece, as early as 708 BC, the ancient Olympic Games, the 18th will have five decathlon, by race, long jump, discus, javelin and wrestling project components. the modern movement began in Europe .18 Almighty century, some countries round sport, but events are not unified .1904 No. 3 is located decathlon Olympic Games The project includes 100 yards running, walking 800 yards, 120 yards fences; 1912 to the 5th Olympic Games decathlon popular in Sweden, continues today. Additionally, 1912,1920,1924 Olympic pentathlon has been established . Women's decathlon began in 1923, the Soviet Union in 1948, recognized by the IAAF, the pentathlon at the 1964 Olympics as a sport, the Olympic Games will be for the heptathlon in 1984. contest the order of the required two days for the project. the first day of the decathlon 100 meters, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400 meter run, the next day for the 110-meter hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin and 1500m run. heptathlon 100 meters in the first day hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200 meters, the next day to go long, javelin and 800 meter race. According to investigation results of the individual all-around score sheet developed by the IAAF to calculate cumulative ranking score, the higher score before the column . Athletes must attend all events, such as a project waiver, you can not participate in subsequent events, does not calculate the total score, but if a project fails due to low grade or no score, can calculate the total score.
2004 Olympic Track and Field on the 28th set of specific projects:
Men: 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meter dash, 800 meter dash, 1500 meter run, 5,000 meter run, 10,000 m run, marathon, 3,000 m steeplechase, 110-meter hurdles, 400 meters hurdles, high jump, pole vault, long jump, triple jump, shot put, discus, hammer throw, javelin, decathlon, 20 km walk, 50 km walk, 4t100-meter Relay run, 4t400-meter relay;
Women: 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meter dash, 800 meter dash, 1500 meter run, 5,000 meter run, 10,000 m run, marathon, 100m hurdles, 400 meter hurdles running, high jump, pole vault, long jump, triple jump, shot put, discus, hammer throw, javelin, heptathlon, 20 km Race Walk, 4t100-meter relay, 4t400-meter relay.
total of 46 projects, of which 24 men items, the woman 22.
venues and schedule: In addition to the marathon and race walking, the 2004 Olympic track and field competition in Athens will be in the Athens Olympic Sports Center, Olympic Stadium in Athens, the time is 10 days, from August 18 to 29, held one day off during the 19.
milestone in Track and Field

3500 BC Egyptian wall paintings depicting scenes of Track and Field.
first 776 BC
Ancient Olympic Games held at the venue on the race track with 24 projects, as well as walking, high jump, javelin and discus.
490 BC Greek soldier Filippi
Disney Legend City Marathon has been run from to the city of Athens, the whole span of about 40 km, as the report of the Greek army defeated the Persian army news. When to go to Athens, Philippi Dis exhausted and died. in honor of his descendants founded the marathon competition.
1896 ��
Frenchman, Pierre - Germany - Pierre de Coubertin founded the first modern Olympic Games, and established the first track and field sports for the Olympic Games.
1964 ��
all automatic electronic timing to achieve the smallest unit of 0.1 seconds.
1968 ��
Americans - Jim Hines became the first 100 meters in history ran into the 10 second mark of the athletes. Dick - Fosbury revolutionized new position created high jump, held in Helsinki, Finland.
1988 ��
Seoul Olympics, Canadian sprinter this - Johnson in the men's 100 meters final, won the first place, but he did not pass the doping test after the game.
Track and Field Star People
Paver - Nano (Finland)
Paver - Nano as the cross country individual and group projects, won a total of 12 medals, including 9 gold medals (Olympic gold has created record).
Jesse - Owens (United States)
Jesse - Owens in 1936 the hero of the Berlin Olympic Games. He sprints and long jump in the men's four projects a total of 4 gold medals won, Owens fame overshadowed in this Olympic Games thunder Nazi leader Adolf Hitler.
Carl - Lewis (United States)
Carl - Lewis participated in the 1984, 1988, 1992 and 1996, four Olympic Games, in the men's sprint and long jump last won a total of 10 medals, including 9 gold medals (Olympic gold flat records), while Lewis has also won eight times world champion and world record 8.